![]() ![]() An analysis of solid-state electrodeposition-induced metal plastic flow and predictions of stress states in solid ionic conductor defects. Dendritic cracking in solid electrolytes driven by lithium insertion. Modeling of lithium electrodeposition at the lithium/ceramic electrolyte interface: the role of interfacial resistance and surface defects. Mechanism of lithium metal penetration through inorganic solid electrolytes. Initiation of mode I degradation in sodium-beta alumina electrolytes. Critical stripping current leads to dendrite formation on plating in lithium anode solid electrolyte cells. Visualizing plating-induced cracking in lithium-anode solid-electrolyte cells. Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries. Lower stack pressures suppress propagation, markedly extending the number of cycles before short circuit in cells in which dendrites have initiated. Whereas initiation is determined by the local (microscopic) fracture strength at the grain boundaries, the pore size, pore population density and current density, propagation depends on the (macroscopic) fracture toughness of the ceramic, the length of the Li dendrite (filament) that partially occupies the dry crack, current density, stack pressure and the charge capacity accessed during each cycle. By contrast, dendrite propagation occurs by wedge opening, with Li driving the dry crack from the rear, not the tip. Once filled, further charging builds pressure in the pores owing to the slow extrusion of Li (viscoplastic flow) back to the surface, leading to cracking. Initiation arises from Li deposition into subsurface pores, by means of microcracks that connect the pores to the surface. Here we show that initiation and propagation are separate processes. Previous models of dendrite penetration have generally focused on a single process for dendrite initiation and propagation, with Li driving the crack at its tip 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. However, Li dendrites (filaments) form on charging at practical rates and penetrate the ceramic electrolyte, leading to short circuit and cell failure 3, 4. Current research is uncovering important new roles for glia in brain function.All-solid-state batteries with a Li anode and ceramic electrolyte have the potential to deliver a step change in performance compared with today’s Li-ion batteries 1, 2. Researchers have known for a while that glia transport nutrients to neurons, clean up brain debris, digest parts of dead neurons, and help hold neurons in place. The brain contains at least ten times more glia than neurons. In the brain, the glia that make the sheath are called oligodendrocytes, and in the peripheral nervous system, they are known as Schwann cells. This sheath is made by specialized cells called glia. Many axons are covered with a layered myelin sheath, which accelerates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. When neurons receive or send messages, they transmit electrical impulses along their axons, which can range in length from a tiny fraction of an inch (or centimeter) to three feet (about one meter) or more. The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from other neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another. The axon extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals.ĭendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. ![]() Each mammalian neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The mammalian brain contains between 100 million and 100 billion neurons, depending on the species. The brain is what it is because of the structural and functional properties of interconnected neurons. Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. The axon extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals. ![]() Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Kibiuk, Baltimore, MD Devon Stuart, Harrisburg, PA ![]()
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